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SS-31 (also known as elamipretide) is a synthetic peptide studied for its effects on mitochondria, the energy-producing structures in cells.
It is designed to improve mitochondrial function and support ATP energy production. Research suggests it may help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation by stabilizing mitochondrial membranes, and it is being investigated for conditions involving mitochondrial dysfunction such as heart, kidney, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs) are inherited conditions caused by problems in the mitochondria, the parts of cells responsible for producing energy. They can affect organs with high energy demands, including the brain, heart, and kidneys. Common symptoms include fatigue, exercise intolerance, muscle weakness, and seizures.
Mitochondrial diseases are mainly associated with problems in ATP production. ATP provides the energy needed for almost every cell function. SS-31 has been developed to help stabilize mitochondrial energy production and protect cells from damage.
Animal studies suggest that SS-31 may protect kidney tissue, restore ATP production, reduce cell death, and improve mitochondrial function. Research also shows that it interacts with cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane and may help reduce mitochondrial dysfunction caused by different conditions, including aging.
Early human trials found that SS-31 may improve exercise performance after several days of treatment, with no major safety concerns reported. However, later phase III trials did not provide convincing evidence of its clinical effectiveness. Further studies are ongoing to determine its possible medical uses.
SS-31 is being studied for heart failure because mitochondrial dysfunction can contribute to worsening heart function. Research in human heart tissue suggests that SS-31 may improve mitochondrial activity, oxygen use, and ATP production.
Studies in dogs have also shown that long-term treatment may improve left ventricular function in advanced heart failure. Other research suggests that SS-31 may reduce heart muscle cell death during a heart attack, helping limit damage and preserve cardiac tissue.
Mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to the development and progression of type 2 diabetes. Human research suggests that SS-31 may reduce the production of reactive oxygen species, which can cause oxidative damage. It may also increase SIRT1 levels, which are associated with improved insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation.
SS-31 is being studied for its ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation by regulating reactive oxygen species. Cell and animal studies suggest that it may reduce FIS1, a mitochondrial protein linked to abnormal mitochondrial division and inflammation.